A forest is a collection of living trees. Depending on the characteristics of the soil and its climate, the seedlings that grow in time form the natural forest. The group of trees that are grown regularly and expensively by human hands and labor is called the cultural forest. Ornamental trees can be grown in cultural forests, as well as trees that can meet the needs of the industry.
Wood, which is the basic material of the Woodworking Industry, has been in the service of humanity for years and has a wide area of use, especially after technical and technological developments.
Tree Cut Time
If the conditions are suitable, the cutting of the tree should be done in autumn and winter. The reasons for this are listed below.
a) During the autumn and winter months, the free water in the tree is at the minimum level.
b) Trees that remain in the forest for a while after cutting are less affected by plant and animal pests.
c) Since there is no shoot in the trees, the damage to other trees and seedlings during cutting or at the time of overturning is minimal.
d) In winter, labor is cheap and there are some transportation facilities such as waterways and slipways.
If the cutting process is done in spring and summer for compulsory reasons, after the tree is knocked down to the root of the trunk to evaporate, the branches and leaves should be kept for a while without purification and logging should be started. In the cutting works done in these seasons, one should act very carefully and take protection measures against cracking, fungus and harmful insects.
There is no such danger for trees that are cut in winter. However, cut trees should be removed from the cutting area by the end of April. Otherwise, with the awakening nature, the tree will be attacked by many pests and its value will decrease.
LOG SIZING
After the trees fall to the root in accordance with the cutting technique, the swollen parts with the branches and leaves are purified from the trunk and the bark is peeled, thus revealing the "round wood".
Round wood cut perpendicular to the length axis, branches, knots, swelling and bruises on the trunk should be cleaned at the level of the trunk surface.
Another factor to be considered in the logging process is the visible defects in the round wood that appear after the branches have been cleared and the bark has been stripped.
In addition, logging should be done according to imperfections such as knots, curvature, ovality, and tumors. The main target; Lumber production is essentially the least waste.
PROTECTION
Storage and protection of logs In inappropriate storage conditions, defects such as insect attack, oxidation, bonding, blue color formation, decay, fiber separation due to freezing and heating, cracking occur in the logs. In order to prevent the formation of these defects, the logs should be wetted with a suitable sprinkler system or stored in water during long-term holdings. Logs should not come to the surface of the water during storage in water. However, in order to prevent forehead cracks and insect damage, protective agents can be applied to the forehead parts.
CUTTING LUMB
Timber is boards with a rectangular profile obtained by cutting from a round log. The logs coming from the warehouses in the forest to sawmills and mowing workshops are cut with different methods according to their types and areas of use. These different methods have advantages and disadvantages. There are three types of cutting applied in timber cutting.
1. Straight cut
2.Quarter cut
3. Split cut
Factories producing flooring use these three types of cutting, when necessary, depending on the nature of their work. They reflect the extra time and skill spent in their applications as a difference in their prices.
FLAT CUT
By making a series of parallel cuts in a log, they obtain "Flat cut" lumber. In this technique, the cutting line passes tangentially or parallel to the veins and age rings of the tree. It is a simple method in which the log is sliced lengthwise.
This wood cutting system provides excellent efficiency because rejects are minimized and time is saved.
Unfortunately, the straight cut has some critical disadvantages. Flat-cut timber tends to pull and bend more transversely than quarter-cut timber, and as a result of research, they prefer straight cutting, which allows to obtain the unchanging, possible sound in instruments such as guitar, basso, violin.
QUARTER CUT
Quarter-cut timber is obtained from large and wide trees. This method is not applied to thin and young trees. A quarter cut consists of dividing the log into four pieces at 90 degree angles from the center of the tree. Quarter cut lumber has very strong and regular grains found in modern floor coverings used in any room. Quarter cut creates both split and quarter cut products.
Of course, this segment also has advantages and disadvantages; The product is stable and consistent and is preferred by carpenters and furniture makers. Waste rate is the same as straight cut. Due to the efficiency achieved by quarter cutting, timber is produced substantially less than other straight cuts and is relatively costly. There are very few timber producers that can cut quarters.
SPLIT CUT
Split cut lumber is used less frequently than straight cut and quarter cut lumber. Split cut timbers are cut at 30-60 degree angles to the age rings.
Unfortunately, split-cutting requires a lot of time and special skill and is very costly, edge cuts will have a large amount of chips, wedges and crumbs. Such a method is rarely used due to low efficiency.
STORAGE OF LUMB
Wooden elements that have been dried at the desired humidity level but will not be used immediately; They are kept in special areas free of insects, worms and fungi.
Wooden elements stored in open or closed areas are placed in such a way that they do not receive moisture from the soil and precipitation from the air. The timber stacks stored in the open air are covered with corrugated sheet or similar materials and placed in such a way that water currents are prevented from passing through the lower parts.
Stacks are placed on the grid in such a way that they do not touch the soil, and organic residues such as bark debris, bushes, twigs and grass are cleaned. In order not to spoil the structure of the wood, the piles are demolished from time to time, and new piles are made by taking the timbers inside out.
The best solution for storing timber stocks against rain, snow, sun and heavy air currents is to store stocks in dry, well-built, closed but ventilated warehouses.
The timbers stacked in the warehouses are stacked on top of each other, and laths are placed between them to allow air flow. In order to prevent the bottom parts from touching the ground, the timbers are placed on rails or solid feet.
The warehouses where the timbers are stacked are moisture-free and a good air circulation is provided. Otherwise, dampness occurs on the wood. Stocks are checked from time to time to separate deteriorated and rotting timber and to prevent the spread of various harmful bacteria.